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TECHNOLOGY2:47 · 4 October 2026

Why Can Only One Company Build This Machine?

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THE QUESTION

Behind the world’s most advanced chips is a machine with an extraordinary history. Why is it so difficult for anyone else to build?

A little more context.

ASML’s EUV systems use light with a wavelength of 13.5 nanometres to print intricate chip features. The technology turns an apparently simple idea—making smaller patterns—into an immense engineering challenge.

This story follows the machinery, optics, and long development process behind it. It also asks how a highly specialized technology becomes part of a much larger economic and geopolitical story.

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KEEP EXPLORING

One question leads to another.